Injineerada elektiroonigga ah waxay og yihiin in anteenooyinku ay soo diraan oo ay helaan calaamadaha qaab mowjadaha tamarta korantada (EM) ee lagu tilmaamay isla'egyada Maxwell. Sida mawduucyo badan, isla'egyadan, iyo faafinta, sifooyinka korantada, waxaa lagu baran karaa heerar kala duwan, laga bilaabo ereyo tayo leh ilaa isla'egyo adag.
Waxaa jira dhinacyo badan oo ku saabsan faafinta tamarta korantada, mid ka mid ah waa polarization, kaas oo yeelan kara heerar kala duwan oo saameyn ah ama walaac xagga codsiyada iyo naqshadaha anteenadooda. Mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee polarization waxay khuseeyaan dhammaan shucaaca korantada, oo ay ku jiraan RF / wireless, tamarta indhaha, waxaana badanaa loo adeegsadaa codsiyada indhaha.
Waa maxay polarization antenna?
Ka hor inta aan la fahmin polarization, waa in aan marka hore fahamnaa mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee hirarka korantada. Mowjadahani waxay ka kooban yihiin dhul koronto (E fields) iyo dhul magnetic (H fields) waxayna u socdaan hal jiho. Garoomada E iyo H waa kuwo isku toosan iyo jihada faafinta hirarka diyaaradda.
Polarization-ka waxaa loola jeedaa diyaaradda E-field marka laga eego aragtida gudbiyaha calaamadaha: polarization-ka jiifka ah, beerta korontadu waxay u dhaqaaqi doontaa dhinaca diyaaradda jiifka ah, halka polarization-ka tooska ah, goobta korantada ay u rogrogmi doonto kor iyo hoos ee diyaaradda toosan. sawirka 1).
Jaantus 1: Mowjadaha tamarta korantada waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo goobeed E iyo H
Polarization Linear iyo polarization wareeg ah
Hababka kala fogeynta waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda:
Polarization-ka tooska ah ee aasaasiga ah, labada polarizations ee suurtogalka ah ayaa ah orthogonal (ku toosan) midba midka kale (Jaantuska 2). Aragti ahaan, anteeno si toos ah u daboolan ma arki doonto calaamad ka timid anteeno toosan iyo caksigeeda, xitaa haddii labaduba ay ku shaqeeyaan isku soo noqnoqosho. Sida ugu wanaagsan ee ay u toosan yihiin, calaamad badan ayaa la qabtaa, iyo wareejinta tamarta ayaa la kordhiyaa marka polarizations iswaafajiyo.
Jaantuska 2: Polarization Linear wuxuu bixiyaa laba ikhtiyaar oo kala-doorasho ah xagal toosan oo midba midka kale ah
Polarization oblique ee anteenadu waa nooc ka mid ah polarization linear. Sida polarization-ka tooska ah iyo toosan ee aasaasiga ah, polarization-kani waxa uu macno samaynayaa oo kaliya jawiga dhulka. Polarization Oblique waa xagal ± 45 darajo ee diyaaradda tixraaca jiifka ah. In kasta oo kani runtii yahay nooc kale oo polarization toosan ah, ereyga "toosan" caadi ahaan waxa loola jeedaa anteenooyin toosan ama toosan.
In kasta oo ay jiraan khasaare, calaamadaha la soo diro (ama la helo) anteenada diagonal ayaa suurtagal ah oo leh anteenooyin toosan ama toosan. Anteenooyinkooda sida tooska ah u daalacan ayaa faa'iido leh marka aan la garanayn hal ama labadaba anteenooyinka aan la garanayn ama isbeddelo inta lagu jiro isticmaalka.
Dabaylaha wareega (CP) ayaa ka adag polarization linear. Habkan, polarization-ka uu matalo vector-ka E-ga ayaa wareegta marka uu calaamaduhu faafiyo. Marka loo soo rogo dhanka midig (oo laga eegayo gudbiyaha), kala soocida wareega waxaa loo yaqaan polarization-ka midig ee gacanta (RHCP); marka bidix loo rogo, wareegtada wareegta ah ee gacanta bidix (LHCP) (Jaantuska 3)
Jaantus 3: Wareegga wareegga, wareegga E ee hirarka korantada ayaa wareegta; wareeggani wuxuu noqon karaa mid midigta ama bidixda
Calaamada CP waxay ka kooban tahay laba mowjadood oo orthogonal ah oo ka baxay marxaladda. Saddex shuruudood ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo dhaliyo calaamadda CP. Beerta E waa inay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood oo orthogonal ah; Labada qaybood waa inay ahaadaan 90 darajo oo ka baxsan wejiga oo siman xagga baaxadda. Habka ugu fudud ee lagu dhalin karo CP waa in la isticmaalo anteeno helical ah.
Elliptical polarization (EP) waa nooc ka mid ah CP. Mowjadaha elliptically polarized waa faa'iidada ay soo saaraan laba mowjadood oo toosan, sida hirarka CP. Marka la isku daro laba mowjadood oo toosan oo toosan oo leh baaxad aan sinnayn, waxaa la soo saarayaa mowjad elliptically polarized ah.
Isku-dheeli-tir la'aanta u dhaxaysa anteenooyinka waxa lagu sifeeyaa qodobka khasaare ee polarization (PLF). Halbeeggaan waxa lagu muujiyey decibels (dB) waana shaqo ka mid ah farqiga xagal dabaylaha ee u dhexeeya anteenooyinka gudbinta iyo kuwa helaya. Aragti ahaan, PLF waxay u dhaxayn kartaa 0 dB (wax khasaare ah ma leh) anteenada si qumman u toosan ilaa dB aan xad lahayn (luminta aan dhammaadka lahayn) anteenada qumman ee qumman
Xaqiiqda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, toosinta (ama is-waafajinta) ee polarization maaha mid qumman sababtoo ah booska farsamada ee anteenada, dabeecadda isticmaalaha, qallooca kanaalka, milicsiga wadooyinka badan, iyo ifafaale kale waxay keeni karaan qaar ka mid ah qalloocin xagal ah oo ka mid ah goobta korantada ee la kala qaado. Ugu horreyntii, waxaa jiri doona 10 - 30 dB ama in ka badan oo ah calaamadda isdhaafka ah ee "leakage" ee ka imanaya polarization orthogonal, taas oo xaaladaha qaarkood laga yaabo inay ku filan tahay inay farageliyaan soo kabashada calaamadda la rabo.
Taas bedelkeeda, PLF-ga dhabta ah ee labada anteeno ee isku toosan ee leh polarization ku habboon waxay noqon kartaa 10 dB, 20 dB, ama ka weyn, taas oo ku xidhan duruufaha, waxayna caqabad ku noqon kartaa soo kabashada calaamadaha. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, isdhaafsiga aan la rabin iyo PLF waxay u shaqeyn karaan labada siyaabood iyaga oo farageliya calaamadaha la rabo ama yareynaya xoogga calaamadda la rabo.
Waa maxay sababta loo daneynayo polarization?
Polarization-ku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa laba siyaabood: labada anteeno ee aad isugu toosan waa oo ay leeyihiin isku-xirnaan isku mid ah, way sii fiicnaanaysaa xoogga calaamada la helay. Taa beddelkeeda, toosinta polarization-ka liidata ayaa ka dhigaysa mid aad ugu adkeyd qaata qaataha, ha ahaado kuwa loogu talagalay ama aan ku qanacsanayn, in ay qabtaan calaamad ku filan oo xiiso leh. Xaalado badan, "kanaalka" ayaa qalloociya polarization-ka la kala qaado, ama mid ama labadaba anteenooyinku kuma jiraan jihada taagan.
Doorashada polarization in la isticmaalo waxaa badanaa lagu go'aamiyaa rakibidda ama xaaladaha jawiga. Tusaale ahaan, anteeno siman oo siman ayaa si fiican u shaqeyn doonta oo ilaalin doonta polarization marka lagu rakibo meel u dhow saqafka; Taa bedelkeeda, anteenada toosan ayaa si fiican u shaqayn doonta oo sii wadi doonta waxqabadkeeda polarization marka lagu rakibo meel u dhow darbi dhinac ah.
Anteenada aadka loo isticmaalo ee dipole (caadi ama laalaabtay) ayaa si toos ah u jaangooysa jihadeeda "caadiga ah" ee kor u kaca (Jaantuska 4) waxaana badanaa la rogaa 90 darajo si loo qaato polarization toosan marka loo baahdo ama si loo taageero habka polarization ee la door bidayo (Jaantuska 5).
Jaantuska 4: Anteenada dipole inta badan waxa lagu dhejiyaa si toosan oo dulsaarkeeda si ay u bixiso polarization horizontal
Jaantuska 5: Codsiyada u baahan polarization toosan, anteenada dipole waxa lagu dhejin karaa si waafaqsan halka ay anteenadu qabato
Polarization vertical waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa raadiyaha gacanta ee gacanta lagu qaato, sida kuwa ay adeegsadaan jawaabayaasha koowaad, sababtoo ah qaar badan oo ka mid ah nashqadaha raadiyaha tooska ah ee toosan ayaa sidoo kale bixiya qaabka shucaaca jihada dhan. Sidaa darteed, anteenooyinka noocaan ah maaha in dib loo habeeyo xitaa haddii jihada raadiyaha iyo anteenada ay isbedelaan.
Anteenooyinka soo noqnoqda ee 3 - 30 MHz (HF) waxaa caadi ahaan loo dhisay sida fiilooyin dhaadheer oo fudud oo siman ay isugu xiran yihiin xargaha. Dhererkeeda waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa hirarka (10 - 100 m). Anteenada noocaan ah ayaa si dabiici ah u siman.
Waxaa xusid mudan in loo tixraacayo kooxdan sida "soo noqnoqoshada sare" waxay bilaabatay tobanaan sano ka hor, markaasoo 30 MHz runtii ahayd soo noqnoqoshada sare. In kasta oo tilmaantan hadda ay u muuqato mid duugowday, haddana waa magac rasmi ah oo ay bixisay Ururka Isgaarsiinta Caalamiga ah oo ilaa hadda si weyn loo isticmaalo.
Polarization-ka la door bidayo waxaa lagu go'aamin karaa laba siyaabood: ama iyadoo la isticmaalayo mowjadaha dhulka si aad u muujiso xoogga gaaban ee qalabka baahinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo 300 kHz - 3 MHz wave dhexdhexaad ah (MW), ama isticmaalka hirarka cirka masaafo dheer iyada oo loo marayo isku xirka ionosphere. Guud ahaan, anteenooyinka toosan ee toosan waxay leeyihiin fidin mowjad dhuleed oo ka wanaagsan, halka anteenooyinku toosan yihiin ay leeyihiin waxqabadka hirarka cirka.
Kala soocida wareegtada ah ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa satalaytka sababtoo ah jihaynta dayax-gacmeedka marka loo eego saldhigyada dhulka iyo dayax-gacmeedyada kale ayaa si joogto ah isbeddelaya. Waxtarka u dhexeeya gudbinta iyo helitaanka anteenooyinka ayaa ugu weyn marka labaduba ay si wareeg ah u siman yihiin, laakiin anteenooyinka toosan ayaa loo isticmaali karaa anteenooyinka CP, in kasta oo ay jirto arrin khasaare ah.
Polarization sidoo kale waxay muhiim u tahay nidaamyada 5G. Qaar ka mid ah 5G multi-input/multiple-output (MIMO) anteenooyinku waxay ku gaadhaan wax-soo-saarka korodhka ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo polarization si si hufan looga faa'iidaysto spectrumka jira. Tan waxaa lagu gaaraa iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku-darka kala-soocida calaamadaha kala duwan iyo isku-dhufashada anteenooyinka (kala duwanaanshaha booska).
Nidaamku wuxuu gudbin karaa laba xog oo xog ah sababtoo ah qulqulka xogta waxaa ku xiran anteenooyin madax-bannaan oo orthogonally ah waxaana lagu soo ceshan karaa si madaxbannaan. Xitaa haddii ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah isdhaafsigu ay sabab u tahay dariiqa iyo qallooca kanaalka, milicsiga, dariiqyada badan, iyo cilladaha kale, qaataha waxa uu shaqaaleeyaa algorithms casri ah si uu u soo kabsado calaamad kasta oo asalka ah, taasoo keentay in heerar yar oo khalad ah (BER) iyo ugu dambeyntii la wanaajiyo Isticmaalka spectrum.
gabagabadii
Polarization waa hanti anteeno muhiim ah oo inta badan la ilduufo. Toos (oo ay ku jiraan toosan iyo toosan) polarization, polarization oblique, polarization wareeg ah iyo polarization elliptical ayaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyo kala duwan. Baaxadda waxqabadka RF-da-dhamaadka-ilaa-dhamaadka anteenadu waxay kuxirantahay jihaynteeda iyo toosinteeda. Anteenooyinka caadiga ah waxay leeyihiin polarizations kala duwan waxayna ku habboon yihiin qaybaha kala duwan ee spectrum, iyagoo siinaya polarization-ka doorbida codsiga bartilmaameedka.
Alaabta lagu taliyay:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Halbeegyada | Caadiyan | Unugyo |
| Xaddiga Soo noqnoqda | 20-30 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 15 Nooca | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Nooca | |
| Polarization | Laba toosan | |
| Cross Pol. Karantiil | 60 Nooca | dB |
| Go'doominta Dekedda | 70 Nooca | dB |
| Xidhiidhiyaha | SMA-Fxamar | |
| Qalab | Al | |
| Dhamaystirka | Rinjiyeynta | |
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Shayga | Tilmaamid | Unug |
| Xaddiga Soo noqnoqda | 1-18 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 10 Nooca | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Nooca | |
| Polarization | toosan | |
| Cross Po. Karantiil | 30 Nooca | dB |
| Xidhiidhiyaha | SMA-Dumar | |
| Dhamaystirka | Pma aha | |
| Qalab | Al | |
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Halbeegyada | Caadiyan | Unugyo |
| Xaddiga Soo noqnoqda | 2-18 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 15 Nooca | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Nooca |
|
| Polarization | Laba toosan |
|
| Cross Pol. Karantiil | 40 | dB |
| Go'doominta Dekedda | 40 | dB |
| Xidhiidhiyaha | SMA-F |
|
| Daaweynta Dusha sare | Pma aha |
|
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.945 | kg |
| Qalab | Al |
|
| Heerkulka shaqada | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Halbeegyada | Caadiyan | Unugyo |
| Xaddiga Soo noqnoqda | 93-95 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 22 Nooca | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Nooca |
|
| Polarization | Laba toosan |
|
| Cross Pol. Karantiil | 60 Nooca | dB |
| Go'doominta Dekedda | 67 Nooca | dB |
| Xidhiidhiyaha | WR10 |
|
| Qalab | Cu |
|
| Dhamaystirka | Dahab |
|
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.015 | kg |
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-11-2024
