Injineerada elektaroonigga ah waxay ogyihiin in anteenooyinku ay diraan oo ay helaan calaamadaha qaabka hirarka tamarta elektromagnetic (EM) ee lagu sharraxay isle'egyada Maxwell. Sida mowduucyo badan, isle'egyadan, iyo faafinta, sifooyinka electromagnetism, waxaa lagu baran karaa heerar kala duwan, laga bilaabo ereyada tayada ilaa isle'egyada adag.
Waxaa jira dhinacyo badan oo ku saabsan faafinta tamarta elektromagnetic-ka, mid ka mid ah waa polarization, kaas oo yeelan kara heerar kala duwan oo saameyn ama walaac ah codsiyada iyo naqshadahooda anteenada. Mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee polarization waxay khuseysaa dhammaan shucaaca elektromagnetic-ka, oo ay ku jiraan RF/wireless, tamarta indhaha, waxaana badanaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyada indhaha.
Waa maxay kala-soocidda anteenada?
Kahor inta aan la fahmin kala-goynta, waa in marka hore aan fahamnaa mabaadi'da aasaasiga ah ee hirarka elektromagnetic-ka. Hirarkani waxay ka kooban yihiin goobo koronto (goobo E) iyo goobo birlabeed (goobo H) waxayna u socdaan hal jiho. Beeraha E iyo H waa kuwo isku toosan oo u jeeda jihada faafitaanka hirarka diyaaradda.
Kala-goyntu waxay tilmaamaysaa diyaaradda E-field marka laga eego dhinaca gudbiyaha calaamadaha: kala-goynta toosan, goobta korontadu waxay u dhaqaaqi doontaa dhinac diyaaradda toosan, halka kala-goynta toosan, goobta korontadu ay kor iyo hoos ugu ruxmi doonto diyaaradda toosan. (Jaantuska 1).
Jaantuska 1: Mowjadaha tamarta elektromagnetka waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybaha goobta E iyo H ee is-dul-taagan
Kala-soocidda toosan iyo kala-soocidda wareegsan
Moodooyinka Polarization waxaa ka mid ah:
Kala-goynta toosan ee aasaasiga ah, labada kala-goyn ee suurtogalka ah waa kuwo toosan (toosan) midba midka kale (Jaantuska 2). Aragti ahaan, anteenada qaabilaysa ee toosan ma "arki doonto" calaamad ka timid anteeno toosan oo kala-goyn ah iyo caksigeeda, xitaa haddii labaduba ay ku shaqeeyaan isla soo noqnoqoshada. Inta ay si fiican isu waafajiyaan, calaamadda ayaa sii badanaysa, wareejinta tamartana waa la kordhiyaa marka kala-goyntu isku mid noqoto.
Jaantuska 2: Kala-soocidda toosan waxay bixisaa laba ikhtiyaar oo kala-soocidda ah oo ku yaal xaglo qumman
Kala-goynta anteenada ee qalloocan waa nooc ka mid ah kala-goynta toosan. Sida kala-goynta toosan iyo tan aasaasiga ah, kala-goyntani waxay macno samaynaysaa oo keliya jawi dhuleed. Kala-goynta toosan waxay ku taal xagal ±45 darajo ah oo u jirta meesha tixraaca toosan. In kasta oo tani runtii tahay nooc kale oo kala-goynta toosan ah, ereyga "toosan" badanaa wuxuu tilmaamayaa oo keliya anteenooyinka toosan ama toosan ee kala-goynta leh.
Iyadoo ay jiraan khasaarooyin qaar, calaamadaha ay diraan (ama helaan) anteeno dhinac ah ayaa suurtogal ah oo keliya anteenooyin toosan ama toosan oo kala fog. Anteenooyinka si aan kala fogayn ayaa faa'iido leh marka kala fogaynta mid ka mid ah ama labada anteeno aan la garanayn ama ay isbeddelaan inta lagu jiro isticmaalka.
Kala-goynta Wareega (CP) way ka adag tahay kala-goynta toosan. Habkan, kala-goynta uu matalo vector-ka goobta E ayaa wareegaysa marka calaamaddu fiddo. Marka loo rogo dhanka midig (laga eego gudbiyaha), kala-goynta wareegsan waxaa loo yaqaan kala-goynta wareegsan ee midigta (RHCP); marka loo rogo dhanka bidix, kala-goynta wareegsan ee bidix (LHCP) (Jaantuska 3)
Jaantuska 3: Kala-goynta wareegsan, vektor-ka goobta E ee hirarka elektromagnetic-ka ayaa wareegaya; wareeggani wuxuu noqon karaa mid midig ama bidix ah
Calaamadda CP waxay ka kooban tahay laba mowjadood oo orthogonal ah oo ka baxsan marxaladda. Saddex shuruudood ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo soo saaro calaamadda CP. Goobta E waa inay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood oo orthogonal ah; labada qaybood waa inay ahaadaan 90 darajo oo ka baxsan marxaladda oo ay la mid yihiin baaxadda. Hab fudud oo lagu soo saaro CP waa in la isticmaalo anteeno helical ah.
Kala-goynta Elliptical (EP) waa nooc ka mid ah CP. Hirarka Elliptical-ka ah ee kala-goynta leh waa faa'iidada ay soo saaraan laba hirar oo si toosan u kala-goynta leh, sida hirarka CP. Marka laba hirar oo si toosan u kala-goynta leh oo leh baaxado aan sinnayn la isku daro, waxaa la soo saaraa hirar elliptical-ka ah oo kala-goynta leh.
Isma-waafaq la'aanta kala-goysyada u dhexeeya anteenooyinka waxaa lagu sharraxay qodobka luminta kala-goysyada (PLF). Halbeeggan waxaa lagu muujiyaa decibels (dB) waana shaqo ka mid ah farqiga xagasha kala-goysyada u dhexeeya anteenooyinka gudbinta iyo kuwa qaata. Aragti ahaan, PLF waxay u dhexayn kartaa 0 dB (aan khasaare lahayn) anteeno si fiican u toosan ilaa dB aan dhammaad lahayn (khasaare aan dhammaad lahayn) anteeno si fiican u toosan.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhab ahaantii, isku-xidhka (ama si khaldan) ee kala-goysyadu ma aha mid qumman sababtoo ah booska farsamada ee anteenada, dhaqanka isticmaalaha, qallooca kanaalka, milicsiga waddo-badan, iyo ifafaale kale ayaa sababi kara qallooc xagal ah oo ku yimaada goobta elektaroonigga ah ee la gudbiyo. Marka hore, waxaa jiri doona 10 - 30 dB ama ka badan oo ah "daadinta" isku-dhafka kala-goysyada calaamadda ee ka timaadda kala-goysyada orthogonal, taas oo xaaladaha qaarkood ku filan inay farageliso soo kabashada calaamadda la rabo.
Taas bedelkeeda, PLF-ga dhabta ah ee laba anteeno oo toosan oo leh kala-soocid ku habboon waxay noqon kartaa 10 dB, 20 dB, ama ka badan, iyadoo ku xiran duruufaha, waxayna carqaladeyn kartaa soo kabashada calaamadaha. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, kala-soocidda isdhaafka ah ee aan la qorshayn iyo PLF waxay u shaqeyn karaan labada dhinacba iyagoo faragelinaya calaamadda la rabo ama yareynaya xoogga calaamadda la rabo.
Maxaad uga walaacsan tahay kala-goynta?
Kala-goyntu waxay u shaqaysaa laba siyaabood: marka laba anteeno oo isku toosan ay leeyihiin kala-goyn isku mid ah, ayaa sii fiicnaanaysa xoogga calaamadda la helay. Taas beddelkeeda, isku-dubaridka kala-goyntu wuxuu ka dhigayaa mid aad u adag dadka qaata, ha ahaato kuwa loogu talagalay ama aan ku qanacsanayn, inay qabtaan calaamadda xiisaha leh ee ku filan. Xaalado badan, "kanaalka" wuxuu qalloociyaa kala-goynta la gudbiyo, ama mid ama labada anteeno midkoodna kuma jiro jiho go'an oo taagan.
Doorashada polarization-ka la isticmaalayo waxaa badanaa lagu go'aamiyaa rakibidda ama xaaladaha jawiga. Tusaale ahaan, anteenada si toosan u kala qaybsan ayaa si fiican u shaqayn doonta oo ilaalin doonta polarization-keeda marka lagu rakibo meel u dhow saqafka; taa beddelkeeda, anteenada si toosan u kala qaybsan ayaa si fiican u shaqayn doonta oo ilaalin doonta waxqabadkeeda polarization-ka marka lagu rakibo meel u dhow derbi dhinac ah.
Anteenada dipole-ka ee si ballaaran loo isticmaalo (caddaan ama laalaaban) waxaa si toosan loogu kala qaybiyaa jihada "caadiga ah" ee rakibidda (Jaantuska 4) waxaana badanaa loo wareejiyaa 90 darajo si loo qaato kala-soocidda toosan marka loo baahdo ama si loo taageero qaabka kala-soocidda ee la doorbidayo (Jaantuska 5).
Jaantuska 4: Anteenada dipole waxaa badanaa si toosan loogu dhejiyaa daasadda si ay u bixiso kala-goyn toosan
Jaantuska 5: Codsiyada u baahan kala-soocidda toosan, anteenada dipole-ka waxaa lagu rakibi karaa si waafaqsan meesha anteenadu qabato.
Kala-goynta toosan waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa raadiyaha gacanta lagu qaato, sida kuwa ay isticmaalaan jawaab-bixiyeyaasha ugu horreeya, sababtoo ah naqshado badan oo anteeno raadiye oo si toosan loo kala qaybiyay ayaa sidoo kale bixiya qaab shucaac oo dhinac walba ah. Sidaa darteed, anteenooyinka noocaas ah looma baahna in dib loo hago xitaa haddii jihada raadiyaha iyo anteenadu isbeddesho.
Anteenooyinka soo noqnoqda ee 3 - 30 MHz (HF) waxaa caadi ahaan loo sameeyaa sidii fiilooyin dhaadheer oo fudud oo si toosan loogu dhejiyay biraha dhexdooda. Dhererkeeda waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa hirarka (10 - 100 m). Noocan anteenada si dabiici ah ayaa si toosan loo kala fogeeyay.
Waxaa xusid mudan in marka loo eego kooxdan "soo noqnoqoshada sare" ay bilaabatay tobanaan sano ka hor, markii 30 MHz ay runtii ahayd soo noqnoqoshada sare. Inkasta oo sharraxaaddani hadda u muuqato mid duugowday, waa magac rasmi ah oo ay bixiso Ururka Isgaarsiinta Caalamiga ah welina si weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa.
Kala-goynta la doorbidayo waxaa lagu go'aamin karaa laba siyaabood: midkood isticmaalka hirarka dhulka si loo helo calaamadayn xooggan oo waqti gaaban ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo qalabka baahinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo xarigga hirarka dhexe ee 300 kHz - 3 MHz (MW), ama isticmaalka hirarka cirka masaafooyin dheer iyada oo loo marayo Link-ka ionosphere. Guud ahaan, anteenooyinka toosan ee kala-goynta leh waxay leeyihiin faafin mowjad dhul oo wanaagsan, halka anteenooyinka toosan ee kala-goynta leh ay leeyihiin waxqabad mowjad cirka oo wanaagsan.
Kala-goynta wareegsan waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dayax-gacmeedyada sababtoo ah jihada dayax-gacmeedka marka loo eego saldhigyada dhulka iyo dayax-gacmeedyada kale ayaa si joogto ah isu beddela. Hufnaanta u dhaxaysa anteenooyinka gudbinta iyo kuwa qaata ayaa ugu weyn marka labaduba ay si wareegsan u kala-go'an yihiin, laakiin anteenooyinka toosan ee kala-go'an waxaa loo isticmaali karaa anteenooyinka CP, inkastoo ay jirto qodob khasaare kala-go'an ah.
Kala-goyntu sidoo kale waa muhiim nidaamyada 5G. Qaar ka mid ah anteenooyinka 5G ee badan-gelinta/soo-saarka badan (MIMO) waxay gaaraan wax-soo-saar kordhay iyagoo adeegsanaya kala-goyn si ay si hufan ugu isticmaalaan muuqaalka la heli karo. Tan waxaa lagu gaaraa iyadoo la isku darayo kala-goyn calaamado kala duwan iyo isku-dhufashada booska ee anteenooyinka (kala duwanaanshaha booska).
Nidaamku wuxuu gudbin karaa laba durdur oo xog ah sababtoo ah durdurrada xogta waxaa ku xiran anteenooyin madax-bannaan oo si toosan u kala qaybsan waxaana si madax-bannaan loo soo ceshan karaa. Xitaa haddii qaar ka mid ah kala-goysyada isdhaafka ah ay jiraan sababo la xiriira qallooca waddada iyo kanaalka, milicsiga, waddo badan, iyo cillado kale, qaataha wuxuu adeegsadaa algorithms casri ah si uu u soo ceshado calaamad kasta oo asal ah, taasoo keentay heerarka khaladka bit-ka oo hooseeya (BER) iyo ugu dambeyntii la hagaajiyay Isticmaalka Spectrum-ka.
gunaanad ahaan
Kala-goyntu waa astaan muhiim ah oo anteeno ah oo inta badan la iska indho tiro. Kala-goyn toosan (oo ay ku jiraan jiif iyo toosan), kala-goyn wareegsan, kala-goyn wareegsan iyo kala-goyn elliptical ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyada kala duwan. Kala duwanaanshaha waxqabadka RF ee dhammaadka-ilaa-dhammaadka ah ee anteenadu gaari karto waxay ku xiran tahay jihaynteeda qaraabada ah iyo isku-xirnaanteeda. Anteenooyinka caadiga ah waxay leeyihiin kala-goyn kala duwan waxayna ku habboon yihiin qaybaha kala duwan ee muuqaalka, iyagoo bixinaya kala-goyn la doorbidayo codsiga bartilmaameedka.
Badeecadaha lagu taliyay:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Xuduudaha | Caadi ah | Cutubyo |
| Kala duwanaanshaha Soo Noqnoqoshada | 20-30 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 15 Nooca. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Nooca. | |
| Kala-fogaanshaha | Laba-laaban Toosan | |
| Go'doomin Isdhaafsi ah. | 60 Nooca. | dB |
| Go'doominta Dekedaha | 70 Nooca. | dB |
| Isku xiraha | SMA-Female | |
| Alaab | Al | |
| Dhammaystirka | Rinjiga | |
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Shay | Faahfaahinta | Cutubka |
| Kala duwanaanshaha Soo Noqnoqoshada | 1-18 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 10 Nooca. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Nooca. | |
| Kala-fogaanshaha | Toosan | |
| Go'doomin Isgoys ah | 30 Nooca. | dB |
| Isku xiraha | Dheddig-Small | |
| Dhammaystirka | Pma aha | |
| Alaab | Al | |
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Xuduudaha | Caadi ah | Cutubyo |
| Kala duwanaanshaha Soo Noqnoqoshada | 2-18 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 15 Nooca. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Nooca. |
|
| Kala-fogaanshaha | Laba-laaban Toosan |
|
| Go'doomin Isdhaafsi ah. | 40 | dB |
| Go'doominta Dekedaha | 40 | dB |
| Isku xiraha | SMA-F |
|
| Daaweynta Dusha Sare | Pma aha |
|
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.945 | kg |
| Alaab | Al |
|
| Heerkulka Hawlgalka | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Xuduudaha | Caadi ah | Cutubyo |
| Kala duwanaanshaha Soo Noqnoqoshada | 93-95 | GHz |
| Faa'iido | 22 Nooca. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Nooca. |
|
| Kala-fogaanshaha | Laba-laaban Toosan |
|
| Go'doomin Isdhaafsi ah. | 60 Nooca. | dB |
| Go'doominta Dekedaha | 67 Nooca. | dB |
| Isku xiraha | WR10 |
|
| Alaab | Cu |
|
| Dhammaystirka | Dahab ah |
|
| Cabbirka(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Miisaanka | 0.015 | kg |
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-11-2024
