Wararka - Hordhac iyo kala soocid qaar ka mid ah anteenooyinka caadiga ah

1. Hordhac ku saabsan Anteenooyinka
Anteenadu waa qaab-dhismeed kala-guur ah oo u dhexeeya booska bannaan iyo khadka gudbinta, sida ku cad Jaantuska 1. Xariijinta gudbinta waxay noqon kartaa qaab xariiq isku xiran ama tuubo godan (hagaha hirarka), kaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu gudbiyo tamarta elektromagnetic-ka laga bilaabo isha ilaa anteenada, ama laga bilaabo anteenada ilaa qaataha. Kan hore waa anteeno gudbinaysa, kan dambena waa anteeno qaabilaysa.

Jaantuska 1aad Jidka gudbinta tamarta elektromagnetka (meel bannaan oo aan lahayn anteeno-gudbinta isha)

Gudbinta nidaamka anteenada ee qaabka gudbinta ee Jaantuska 1 waxaa matalaya wax u dhigma Thevenin sida ku cad Jaantuska 2, halkaas oo isha lagu matalo matoor calaamadeed oo ku habboon, khadka gudbinta waxaa matalaya xariiq leh cillad-celin Zc oo sifo ah, anteenadana waxaa matalaya culays ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Iska caabbinta culayska RL wuxuu matalaa khasaaraha gudbinta iyo dielectric ee la xiriira qaab-dhismeedka anteenada, halka Rr uu matalo iska caabbinta shucaaca ee anteenada, falcelinta XA-na waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu matalo qaybta male-awaalka ah ee impedance-ka la xiriira shucaaca anteenada. Xaaladaha ku habboon, dhammaan tamarta ay soo saarto isha calaamadda waa in loo wareejiyaa iska caabbinta shucaaca Rr, kaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu matalo awoodda shucaaca ee anteenada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, codsiyada wax ku oolka ah, waxaa jira khasaarooyin hage-dielectric ah oo ay ugu wacan tahay astaamaha khadka gudbinta iyo anteenada, iyo sidoo kale khasaarooyin ay sababaan milicsiga (is-waafaq la'aanta) u dhexeeya khadka gudbinta iyo anteenada. Marka la eego iska caabinta gudaha ee isha iyo iska indha tirka khadka gudbinta iyo khasaaraha milicsiga (isku dheelitir la'aanta), awoodda ugu badan waxaa la siiyaa anteenada iyadoo la raacayo isku-xidhka isku-dhafka ah.

Jaantuska 2aad

Sababtoo ah isku dheelitir la'aanta khadka gudbinta iyo anteenada, mowjadda ka soo ifbaxaysa is-dhexgalka ayaa lagu dhejiyay mowjadda dhacdada laga bilaabo isha ilaa anteenada si loo sameeyo mowjad taagan, taas oo matalaysa isku-ururinta tamarta iyo kaydinta waana aalad caadi ah oo resonant ah. Qaab mowjad taagan oo caadi ah ayaa lagu muujiyay xariiqda dhibcaha leh ee Jaantuska 2. Haddii nidaamka anteenada aan si habboon loogu naqshadayn, khadka gudbinta wuxuu u dhaqmi karaa sidii walxo kaydin tamar ah ilaa xad weyn, halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa qalab hage iyo gudbin tamar.
Khasaaraha ka dhasha khadka gudbinta, anteenada iyo hirarka taagan waa kuwo aan loo baahnayn. Khasaaraha khadka waxaa lagu yareyn karaa iyadoo la dooranayo khadadka gudbinta khasaaraha yar, halka khasaaraha anteenada lagu yareyn karo iyadoo la dhimayo iska caabbinta khasaaraha ee uu matalo RL Jaantuska 2. Hirarka taagan waa la dhimi karaa kaydinta tamarta ee khadkana waa la yareyn karaa iyadoo la barbar dhigayo iska caabbinta anteenada (rarka) iyo iska caabbinta astaamaha ee khadka.
Nidaamyada wireless-ka, marka laga reebo helitaanka ama gudbinta tamarta, anteenooyinka waxaa badanaa looga baahan yahay inay kor u qaadaan tamarta la iftiimiyo jihooyin gaar ah oo ay xakameeyaan tamarta la iftiimiyo jihooyin kale. Sidaa darteed, marka laga reebo aaladaha ogaanshaha, anteenooyinka waa in sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa aalado jiho ahaan. Anteenooyinka waxay ku jiri karaan qaabab kala duwan si ay u daboolaan baahiyo gaar ah. Waxay noqon kartaa silig, dalool, balastar, isku-darka walxaha (array), reflector, muraayad, iwm.

Nidaamyada isgaarsiinta bilaa-waayirka ah, anteenooyinku waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan. Naqshadeynta anteenada wanaagsan waxay yareyn kartaa shuruudaha nidaamka waxayna hagaajin kartaa waxqabadka guud ee nidaamka. Tusaale caadi ah waa telefishanka, halkaas oo soo dhaweynta baahinta lagu hagaajin karo iyadoo la isticmaalayo anteenooyin waxqabad sare leh. Anteenooyinku waa nidaamyada isgaarsiinta waxa ay indhaha u yihiin aadanaha.

2. Kala-soocidda Anteenada
1. Anteeno silig ah
Anteenooyinka siligga ah waa mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu badan ee anteenooyinka sababtoo ah waxaa laga helaa meel kasta - baabuurta, dhismayaasha, maraakiibta, diyaaradaha, dayax-gacmeedka, iwm. Waxaa jira qaabab kala duwan oo anteenooyinka siligga ah, sida xariiq toosan (dipole), wareeg, wareeg, sida ku cad Jaantuska 3. Anteenooyinka siligga ah uma baahna oo keliya inay noqdaan kuwo wareegsan. Waxay noqon karaan leydi, afargeesle, oval ama qaab kasta oo kale. Anteenada wareegsan ayaa ah tan ugu badan sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedkeeda fudud.

Jaantuska 3aad

2. Anteenooyinka daloolka
Anteenooyinka daloolka ayaa door weyn ka ciyaaraya sababtoo ah baahida sii kordheysa ee noocyada anteenooyinka ee adag iyo isticmaalka mawjadaha sare. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada anteenooyinka daloolka (anteenooyinka pyramidal, conical iyo geesaha afargeeslaha ah) ayaa lagu muujiyay Jaantuska 4. Noocan anteenada ayaa aad waxtar ugu leh codsiyada diyaaradaha iyo dayax-gacmeedka sababtoo ah si aad ah ayaa loogu dhejin karaa qolofka dibadda ee diyaaradda ama dayax-gacmeedka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa lagu dabooli karaa lakab walxo dielectric ah si looga ilaaliyo deegaannada adag.

Jaantuska 4aad

3. Anteenada Microstrip
Anteenooyinka Microstrip aad bay caan u noqdeen 1970-yadii, inta badan loogu talagalay isticmaalka dayax-gacmeedka. Anteenadu waxay ka kooban tahay substrate dielectric ah iyo balastar bir ah. Balastar bir ah waxay yeelan kartaa qaabab badan oo kala duwan, anteenada balastar ee leydiga ah ee lagu muujiyay Jaantuska 5aadna waa tan ugu badan. Anteenooyinka Microstrip waxay leeyihiin muuqaal hooseeya, waxay ku habboon yihiin dusha sare ee planar iyo kuwa aan planar ahayn, waa kuwo fudud oo jaban in la soo saaro, waxay leeyihiin adkeysi sare marka lagu rakibo dusha sare ee adag, waxayna la jaan qaadayaan naqshadaha MMIC. Waxaa lagu rakibi karaa dusha sare ee diyaaradaha, dayax-gacmeedyada, dayax-gacmeedyada, gantaalada, baabuurta, iyo xitaa aaladaha mobilada waxaana loo qaabeyn karaa si waafaqsan.

Jaantuska 5aad

4. Anteeno Array ah
Astaamaha shucaaca ee ay u baahan yihiin codsiyada badan waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan ku gaarin hal curiye anteeno. Kala-soocidda anteenada waxay ka dhigi kartaa shucaaca ka yimaada walxaha la sameeyay si loo soo saaro shucaaca ugu badan hal jiho ama in ka badan oo gaar ah, tusaale caadi ah ayaa lagu muujiyay Jaantuska 6.

Jaantuska 6aad

5. Anteenada Dib-u-soo-celiyaha
Guusha sahaminta hawada sare ayaa sidoo kale horseeday horumarinta degdega ah ee aragtida anteenada. Maadaama loo baahan yahay isgaarsiin fog oo aad u dheer, anteenooyinka aadka u faa'iidada badan waa in loo isticmaalaa gudbinta iyo helitaanka calaamadaha malaayiin mayl u jira. Codsigan, qaab anteeno caadi ah waa anteenada parabolic ee lagu muujiyay Jaantuska 7. Noocan anteenada waxay leedahay dhexroor dhan 305 mitir ama ka badan, cabbir weyn oo noocaas ahna waa lagama maarmaan si loo gaaro faa'iidada sare ee loo baahan yahay si loo gudbiyo ama loo helo calaamadaha malaayiin mayl u jira. Nooc kale oo ka mid ah soo-celiyaha waa soo-celiyaha geeska, sida ku cad Jaantuska 7 (c).

Jaantuska 7

6. Anteenooyinka Muraayadaha
Muraayadaha waxaa ugu horreyn loo isticmaalaa in lagu ururiyo tamarta kala firirsan si looga hortago inay ku faafto jihooyinka shucaaca aan loo baahnayn. Iyagoo si habboon u beddelaya joomatari ee muraayadda oo dooranaya agabka saxda ah, waxay u rogi karaan noocyo kala duwan oo tamar kala duwan hirar diyaaradeed. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa inta badan codsiyada sida anteenooyinka soo celiya parabolic, gaar ahaan mowjadaha sare, cabbirkooda iyo miisaankooduna aad bay u weynaadaan marka ay socdaan mowjadaha hoose. Anteenooyinka muraayadda waxaa loo kala saaraa iyadoo loo eegayo agabkooda dhismaha ama qaababka joomatari, kuwaas oo qaarkood lagu muujiyay Jaantuska 8.